Simultaneous Cell Group and Cyclic Prefix Detection Method, Apparatus and System

ABSTRACT

A method, and associated apparatus and system, for simultaneous cell group and cyclic prefix (CP) detection, having the steps of determining primary synchronization signal (P-SyS) timing τ using the P-SyS; based on τ, determine a secondary synchronization signal (S-SyS) timing; placing a single Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) window; FFT processing the signal to obtain the frequency domain S-SyS symbols; equalizing the frequency domain S-SyS signal; phase correcting the S-SyS signal; and detecting the cell group and CP length by the correlation giving maximum energy.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No.60/945,399 filed Jun. 21, 2007, the disclosure of which is incorporatedherein by reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates generally to communication systems andcomponents and, more particularly, to wireless communication systems ancomponents adapted to use Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing(OFDM) modulation techniques.

BACKGROUND

Evolving mobile cellular standards such as Global System for MobileCommunications (GSM) and Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA)will likely require modulation techniques such as OFDM in order todeliver higher data rates. OFDM is a method for multiplexing signalswhich divides the available bandwidth (BW) into a series of frequenciesknown as sub-carriers.

In order to ensure a smooth migration from existing cellular systems tohigh capacity, high data rate systems using existing radio spectrum, newsystems must be able to operate on a flexible BW. Third generation LongTerm Evolution (LTE) has been proposed as a new flexible cellularsystem. LTE is intended as an evolution of the WCDMA standard. LTE willlikely use OFDM and operate on BWs spanning from 1.25 MHz to 20 MHz.Data rates of up to 100 Mb/s will be possible in the high BW LTEservice.

Low rate services such as voice are also expected to use LTE. BecauseLTE is designed for Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol(TCP/IP), voice over IP (VoIP) will likely be the service carryingspeech.

One important aspect of LTE is the mobility function. As a result,synchronization symbols and cell search procedures are of majorimportance in order for an apparatus, such as a user equipment (UE), todetect and synchronize with other cells.

The proposed cell search scheme for LTE is as follows:

1. Detect symbol timing for new cell using the primary synchronizersignal (P-SyS). Furthermore, because there are three P-SyS, the UE alsodetects which of the P-SyS have been transmitted from the cell. Theindex of each P-SyS identifies the cell ID within a group. P-SyS istransmitted every 5 milliseconds (ms).

2. Detect frame timing and cell group using the secondarysynchronization signal (S-SyS). The frequency domain representation ofP-SyS is used as phase reference and then the S-SyS detection(correlation to different S-SyS sequences) is performed in the frequencydomain.

3. From steps (1) and (2), the cell is detected.

4. Read broadcast channel (BCH) to receive cell specific systeminformation

In LTE, there will be a possibility of using a short cyclic prefic (CP)or a long CP length. The short CP length (4.7 microseconds (μ sec)) willbe used for small cells and the long CP length (16.7 μsec) will be usedfor large cells and broadcast services. The intention is that the UEshould detect the cell specific CP length blindly. This is preferablyperformed prior to detecting the frame timing and cell group using thesecondary S-SyS (step 2 of the cell search scheme described above).Blind CP detection can be made in the time domain, as seen in the blockdiagram 100 of FIG. 1. In this case, the UE performs autocorrelation ofthe received signal with distance T_(u) corresponding to the OFDM symbollength. The correlation is summed and the power (absolute value) iscalculated. Peaks 101A, 101B will arrive with a distance of T_(u)+T_(g)where T_(g) is the CP length. From that, the CP length can be computedat module 102. This time-domain approach is suitable for a singlefrequency, synchronized, network, such as digital videobroadcasting-handheld (DVB-H), where signals from all cells aretransmitted with the same CP length and are synchronized. However, thiswill typically not be the case in LTE. In LTE the cells can be operatedin a asynchronus mode and different cells might have different CPlengths. This, in turn, will result in a risk of multiple correlationpeaks making the time domain CP length detection much more complicated.

FIG. 2 shows the synchronization signal (SyS) structure 200 in LTE, forboth the long CP 201 and short CP 202 case. A slot with a length of 0.5ms in LTE consists of 7 OFDM symbols in the short CP case and 6 OFDMsymbols in the long CP case. Every 10th slot, that is every 5 ms, theSyS is transmitted. For frequency division duplex (FDD) (full duplex) inLTE, P-SyS is transmitted in the last OFDM symbol in the slot and theS-SyS in the second to last OFDM symbol. For time division duplex (TDD),the S-SyS is transmitted in the last OFDM symbol and P-SyS istransmitted in the first OFDM symbol in the next slot.

It would be advantageous to have a low complexity blind CP detectionmethod and apparatus that is robust also in scenarios existing in OFDMcellular system like LTE. The present invention provides such a methodand apparatus.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 illustrates a block diagram for performing blind CP detection inthe time domain;

FIG. 2 illustrates the synchronization signal (SyS) structure in LTE,for the long CP and short CP case;

FIG. 3 illustrates, in detail, the SyS timing relationships for the longCP and short CP, with an overlay of the S-SyS FFT timing used by thepresent invention.

FIG. 4 provides a flowchart of the method of the present invention;

FIG. 5 is a block diagram of an apparatus adapted to implement themethod of the present invention

FIG. 6 illustrates a system in which the method of the present inventionmay be implemented.

SUMMARY

The present invention is a method, apparatus and system tosimultaneously determine the CP length and the cell group during thecell search step of detecting the frame timing and cell group using theS-SyS in a wireless telecommunications system.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present invention is a method to simultaneously determine the CPlength and the cell group during the cell search when detecting theframe timing and cell group using the S-SyS by time adjusting the FastFourier Transform (FFT) window for the S-SyS. The present inventionfurther includes an apparatus and system adapted to implement saidmethod.

When the P-SyS 5 ms timing is detected, the timing for S-SyS can becomputed for both for the long CP and short CP length case, that is, theplacement of the FFT window for both cases can be determined. In thepresent invention, the FFT window for S-SyS is set between the estimatedtiming for the long CP and short CP. Then, the channel in the frequencydomain is positive phase shifted for the long CP length and negativephase shifted for the short CP relative the channel determined by theP-SyS. Therefore, prior to the correlation to the S-SyS sequences, thereceived frequency domain transformed S-SyS signal is positive andnegative phase corrected and the S-SyS sequences are correlated to bothcorrected signals. The SyS sequence and correction giving maximum energyis detected as the cell group and the length of CP. As noted, the CP canbe detected in the frequency domain, avoiding the multiple peak problemof the conventional method, while advantageously using only one FFTprocessing. Hence the method of the present invention is robust and haslow complexity.

In FIG. 3, the SyS timing relationships for the long CP and short CP areshown in more detail, together with an illustration of the S-SyS FFTtiming 305 used in the present invention. As noted, first the apparatuscorrelates the P-SyS signals to the received signal in order to find theP-SyS sequence as well as P-SyS signal timing (providing 5 ms timinginformation). Ideally, the time instant 301 is detected, however due to,inter alia, noise, the correct timing might not be found, e.g., a chipcould differ. Nevertheless, it is assumed that perfect timing isdetermined. The apparatus does not know if the cell has a long CP orshort CP, hence either of the cases 302 or 303 is possible. Theapparatus does have knowledge of the correct timing, subject todetermination of there being a long CP 302 or short CP 303. Hence, inprincipal, the apparatus could set an FFT window on both places, performtwo FFT operations and then perform the S-SyS detection to find the bestmatch. However, such an operation requires two FFT operations, whereasthe present invention only requires one FFT operation. As noted, thepresent invention is adapted to have an FFT time instant in between 302and 303, shown in FIG. 3 as 304. The timing position is preferablychosen in the middle between 302 and 303 so as to introduce equal phaseshift for the two cases, but the present invention is not limited tothat case. A further embodiment of the present invention is to place thewindow based on the probabilities of short and long CP. If theprobability is larger for a shorter CP the FFT-window is placed more tothe right and vice versa. The benefit of this is less noise isintroduced due to ISI for the most probable CP length when performingthe S-SyS detection. One way to determine the probability is based onthe CP length of the NB cells.

As is known from FFT processing of OFDM symbols, a sampling error of −nchips (relative ideal timing) gives a rotation of −2πn/N_(FFT) radiansbetween consecutive sub-carriers, where N_(FFT) is the length of theFFT. The foregoing relationship is true as long as the sampling error iswithin the CP, and therefore, if n is known it can be perfectlycompensated for in the detection process. As can be seen in FIG. 3, theFFT time instant 304 is outside the CP in both the long CP and short CPcase, hence inter symbol interference (ISI) is introduced. The samplingtime 304 introduces a sampling error in the order of 5-10% of the OFDMsymbol length and such sampling error introduces distortion in the orderof 7 to 8 dB signal to distortion ratio (SDR). However, the cell searchis designed for detection in the range of a signal to noise ratio (SNR)of −6 to 0 dB, i.e., scenarios where the noise is stronger than thesignal. Hence, the SDR introduced due to ISI is a magnitude smaller thanthe SNR for a typical cell search scenario and therefore, this ISI onlycontributes a negligible part of the noise power.

Assume sampling at time instant 304 results in a ±n chip sampling errorto the ideal timing in the long CP (+) and short CP (−) case. Amathematical model of the frequency domain received S-SyS symbol atsub-carrier k (where N_(used) sub-carriers are used for S-SyS sequences)can now be written:

Y _(k) ^(S-SyS) =e ^(±j2π·n·k/N) ^(FFT) H _(k) s _(k) +e _(k)+ε_(k)^(ISI) , k=1 . . . , Nused   (1)

where + is true if it is a long CP (positive), and − is true if it is ashort CP (negative). The channel H_(i) is estimated using the P-SyS as aphase reference and hence can be equalized, i.e. can determine the CPlength as well as the cell group of the received S-SyS. Equalization canbe accomplished using a variety of techniques. For example, and withoutlimitation, the following steps can be used to perform the equalization:

$\begin{matrix}{{\overset{\sim}{Y}}_{k}^{S - {SyS}} = {\frac{Y_{k}^{S - {SyS}}}{{\hat{H}}_{k}} \approx {{^{{\pm {j2\pi}} \cdot n \cdot {k/{NFFT}}}s_{k}} + {\overset{\sim}{e}}_{k}}}} & (2)\end{matrix}$

Now, two de-rotated versions, each version phase corrected with thephase shift corresponding to the long CP and short CP of the receivedS-SyS are generated and the two phase corrected versions are correlatedto all possible M S-SyS sequences and the correlation giving the highestpower is used to determine the CP length as well as the cell group.Mathematically speaking, the following steps are performed:

$\begin{matrix}{{\overset{\sim}{Y}}_{k}^{{long}\; {CP}} = {^{{- {j2\pi}} \cdot n \cdot {k/N_{FFT}}}{\overset{\sim}{Y}}_{k}^{S - {SyS}}}} & (3) \\{{{\overset{\sim}{Y}}_{k}^{{short}\; {CP}} = {^{{j2\pi} \cdot n \cdot {k/N_{FFT}}}{\overset{\sim}{Y}}_{k}^{S - {SyS}}}}{{{cell}\mspace{14mu} {group}},{{{CP}\mspace{14mu} {length}} = {\arg_{{({{long}/{short}})},m}^{\max}{{\sum\limits_{k = 1}^{N_{used}}{\left( s_{k}^{m} \right) \cdot \left\lbrack {{\overset{\sim}{Y}}_{k}^{longCP},{\overset{\sim}{Y}}_{k}^{{short}\; {CP}}} \right\rbrack}}}^{2}}}}} & (4) \\{m = {1\mspace{11mu} \ldots \mspace{11mu} M}} & (5)\end{matrix}$

A flowchart 400 illustrating the method of the present invention isprovided in FIG. 4. As seen therein, in step 401, the P-SyS timing τ isdetermined using the P-SyS, which corresponds to 301 of FIG. 3. In step402, the S-SyS timing is determined, corresponding to 304 of FIG. 3. Instep 403, the FFT window is placed and the signal is FFT processed toobtain the frequency domain S-SyS symbols. In step 404, the frequencydomain S-SyS signal is equalized, for example in accordance withequation (2), and then phase corrected according to equations (3) and(4). In step 405, the cell group and CP length detected are given by thecorrelation giving maximum energy according to equation (5).

An apparatus adapted to implement the method of the present invention isprovided in FIG. 5. FIG. 5 is a high-level block diagram 500 of anapparatus of the present invention, comprising an antenna 501, front endreceiver (Fe RX) 502 analog to digital converter (ADC) 503, P-SyScorrelation module 504, S-SyS timing module 505, Fast Fourier Transformmodule 506, Phase correction module 507, channel estimation module 508,detector 509 and S-SyS detector 510. As seen therein, the apparatus,which may include a UE, is adapted to perform the following operations:

After signal is received at antenna 501 and demodulated at FE RX 502 itis converted into a digital signal at ADC 503. The P-SyS timing τ isdetermined using the P-SyS, which corresponds to 301 of FIG. 3, at P-SYScorrelation module 504.

The S-SyS timing is derived at S-SyS timing module 505, based on outcomefrom P-SyS, corresponding to 304 of FIG. 3. The FFT window is placed andthe signal is FFT processed to obtain the frequency domain S-SyS symbolsat FFT module 506. The frequency domain S-SyS signal is equalized, forexample, in accordance with equation (2) and then phase correctedaccording to equations (3) and (4). The cell group and CP lengthdetected are given by the correlation giving maximum energy according toequation (5) in S-SyS detector module 510. In channel estimation unit508, the channel H is estimated. For S-SyS detection, the f-domainrepresentation of the P-SyS is used as pilots for the channel estimationused for S-SyS equalization. Furthermore the reference symbols (pilots)are used to obtain the channel estimate used for data equalization anddetection in detector 509.

FIG. 6 illustrates a wireless network 600 in which an apparatusaccording to the principles of the present invention may be used.Wireless network 600 comprises a plurality of cell sites 601A . . . 601Neach containing a base station (BS) adapted to communicate withapparatus 602. Apparatus 602 may be any suitable wireless devices,including a UE, cellular radiotelephones, handset devices, personaldigital assistants, portable computers, or metering devices. The presentinvention is not limited to mobile handsets. Other types of accessterminals, including fixed wireless terminals, may be used. However, forthe sake of simplicity, only UEs are shown and discussed herein.

Dotted lines 603 show the approximate boundaries of the cell sites 601.The cell sites are shown approximately circular for the purposes ofillustration and explanation only. It should be clearly understood thatthe cell sites often have other irregular shapes, depending on the cellconfiguration selected and natural and man-made obstructions.

As is well known in the art, cell sites 601 are comprised of a pluralityof sectors (not shown), each sector being illuminated by a directionalantenna coupled to the base station. The embodiment of FIG. 6illustrates the base station in the center of the cell. Alternateembodiments position the directional antennas in corners of the sectors.The system of the present invention is not limited to any particularcell site configuration.

In the wireless network 600, apparatus 602 is located in cell sites601A, 601B and is in communication with serving cell 601B. Apparatus 602is also located close to the edge of cell site 601B. Apparatus 602routinely performs cell searches to detect the base stations of awireless network in the vicinity of the apparatus 602. Whenever anapparatus is turned on, an initial cell search is performed in order tosearch for and acquire at least one of the base stations of wirelessnetwork. Thereafter, the apparatus continues to perform cell searches inorder to determine the strongest base station(s) in the vicinity and toidentify available base stations to which the mobile station may betransferred in case it is necessary to perform a handoff. To improve theefficiency of these cell searches, the system of the present inventionincludes the apparatus of FIG. 5 in combination with wireless network.

There have been described and illustrated herein methods, apparatus, andsystems to simultaneously determine the CP length and the cell groupduring the cell search by time adjusting the Fast Fourier Transform(FFT) window for the S-SyS. While particular embodiments of the presentinvention have been described, it is not intended that the presentinvention be limited thereto, as it is intended that the invention be asbroad in scope as the art will allow and that the specification be readlikewise. For example, the method can be used where there are more thantwo CP length hypotheses present. In such case, the phase de-rotation isproportional to the difference between the used sampling time instantand the ideal sampling instant for each respective CP length hypothesis.Then the steps described herein can be applied. Further, while theapparatus of the invention is shown in block diagram format, it will beappreciated that the block diagram may be representative of andimplemented by hardware, software, firmware, or any combination thereof.Moreover, the functionality of certain aspects of the block diagram canbe obtained by equivalent or suitable structure. For example, instead ofan FFT, other Fourier transform means could be utilized. It willtherefore be appreciated by those skilled in the art that yet othermodifications could be made to the provided invention without deviatingfrom its spirit and scope as claimed.

1. A method for simultaneous cell group and cyclic prefix (CP)detection, comprising the step of placing a single Fast FourierTransform (FFT) window for a secondary synchronization signal (S-SyS)between the estimated timing corresponding to an Orthogonal FrequencyDivision Multiplex (OFDM) symbol transmitted using a long CP or a shortCP.
 2. A method for simultaneous cell group and cyclic prefix (CP)detection comprising the steps of: placing a single Fast FourierTransform (FFT) window for a secondary synchronization signal (S-SyS)between the estimated timing for a long CP and a short CP; performing afirst phase shift of the channel in the frequency domain for the long CPlength; performing a second phase shift of the channel in the frequencydomain for the short CP relative the channel determined by a primarysynchronization signal (P-SyS); phase correcting the received frequencydomain transformed S-SyS signal prior to the correlation to the S-SySsequences; correlating the S-SyS sequences to both corrected signals;detecting the S-SyS sequence and correction providing maximum energy asthe cell group and the length of CP.
 3. The method of claim 2, whereinthe timing position is in the middle between the long CP and short CP.4. The method of claim 2, wherein the first phase shift is a positivephase shift and the second phase shift is a negative phase shift.
 5. Themethod of claim 2, for use in a user equipment (UE).
 6. A method fordetecting simultaneous cell group and cyclic prefix (CP), comprising thesteps of: determining primary synchronization signal (P-SyS) timing τusing the P-SyS; based on τ, determine a secondary synchronizationsignal (S-SyS) timing; positioning a single Fast Fourier Transform (FFT)window; FFT processing the signal to obtain the frequency domain S-SySsymbols; equalizing the frequency domain S-SyS signal; phase correctingthe signal; and detecting the cell group and CP length by thecorrelation giving maximum energy.
 7. The method of claim 6, wherein theequalizing step is in accordance with:${\overset{\_}{Y}}_{k}^{S - {Sys}} = {\frac{Y_{k}^{S - {SyS}}}{{\hat{H}}_{k}} \approx {{^{{\pm {j2\pi}} \cdot n \cdot {k/{NFFT}}}S_{k}} + e_{k}}}$8. The method of claim 6, wherein the phase correcting step is inaccordance with the formulas:{tilde over (Y)} _(k) ^(long CP) =e ^(−j2π·n·k/NFFT) {tilde over (Y)}_(k) ^(S-SyS){tilde over (Y)} _(k) ^(short CP) =e ^(j2π·n·k/NFFT) {tilde over (Y)}_(k) ^(S-SyS)
 9. The method of claim 6, wherein the correlationproviding maximum energy is based on the following formula:${{cell}\mspace{14mu} {group}},{{{CP}\mspace{14mu} {length}} = {\arg_{{({{long}/{short}})},m}^{\max}{{\sum\limits_{k = 1}^{N_{used}}{\left( s_{k}^{m} \right) \cdot \left\lbrack {{\overset{\sim}{Y}}_{k}^{longCP},{\overset{\sim}{Y}}_{k}^{{short}\; {CP}}} \right\rbrack}}}^{2}}}$m = 1  …  M
 10. The method of claim 6, for use in a user equipment(UE).
 11. A method for simultaneous cell group and cyclic prefix (CP)detection, comprising the steps of: determining a primarysynchronization signal (P-SyS) timing; based on the timing, determiningsecondary synchronization signal (S-SyS) timing; placing a single FastFourier Transform (FFT) window; performing a FFT; obtaining S-SySsymbols; testing the S-SyS sequences to phase corrected S-SyS symbols;and obtaining the cell group and CP length based on the best S-SyScorrelation match.
 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the best S-SyScorrelation is based on the correlation providing maximum energyaccording to the following formula:${{cell}\mspace{14mu} {group}},{{{CP}\mspace{14mu} {length}} = {\arg_{{({{long}/{short}})},m}^{\max}{{\sum\limits_{k = 1}^{N_{used}}{\left( s_{k}^{m} \right) \cdot \left\lbrack {{\overset{\sim}{Y}}_{k}^{longCP},{\overset{\sim}{Y}}_{k}^{{short}\; {CP}}} \right\rbrack}}}^{2}}}$m = 1  …  M
 13. The method of claim 6, for use in a user equipment(UE).
 14. An apparatus for simultaneous cell group and cyclic prefix(CP) detection, comprising: cell search means for determining primarysynchronization signal (P-SyS) timing; cell search means for determiningsecondary synchronization signal (S-SyS) timing based on the P-SyStiming; means for placing a single Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) window;means for performing a FFT; means for obtaining a plurality of S-SySsymbols; means for testing the S-SyS sequences to phase corrected S-SySsymbols; and means for obtaining the cell group and CP length based onthe best S-SyS correlation match.
 15. The apparatus of claim 14, incombination with a UE.
 16. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the UEcomprises: an antenna; a front end receiver (Fe RX) having an inputcoupled to the antenna; an analog to digital converter (ADC) having aninput coupled to the output of the Fe RX; a P-SyS correlation modulehaving an input coupled to the output of the ADC; a S-SyS timing modulehaving an input coupled to the output of the P-SyS correlation module; aFast Fourier Transform (FFT) module having an input coupled to theoutput of the ADC and an input coupled to the output of the P-SyS moduleand S-SyS timing module: a phase correction module having an inputcoupled to the output of the P-SyS correlation module; a channelestimation module having an input coupled to the output of the FFT; adetector module having an input coupled to the output of the FFT and theoutput of channel estimation module; a S-SyS detector having an inputcoupled to the output of the phase correction module and the output ofthe channel estimation module, wherein the P-SyS timing τ and S-SyStiming are determined using the P-SyS, at P-SYS correlation module, theFFT window is placed and the signal is FFT processed to obtain thefrequency domain S-SyS symbols at FFT module and the cell group and CPlength detected at S-SyS detector are given by the correlation givingmaximum energy in S-Sys detector module.
 17. The apparatus of claim 16,for use in an Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)modulation system.
 18. An Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing(OFDM) modulation system, comprising: a module for determining primarysynchronization signal (P-SyS) timing τ using the P-sys; a module fordetermining a secondary synchronization signal (S-SyS) timing based onτ; a module for placing a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) window; a FFTmodule for processing the signal to obtain the frequency domain S-SySsymbols; a module for equalizing the frequency domain S-SyS signal; amodule for phase correcting the signal; and a module for detecting thecell group and CP length by the correlation giving maximum energy. 19.The system of claim 18, in combination with a user equipment (UE) foruse in a Long Term Evolution system.
 20. The OFDM modulation system ofclaim 18, wherein the correlation providing maximum energy is based onthe following formula:${{cell}\mspace{14mu} {group}},{{{CP}\mspace{14mu} {length}} = {\arg_{{({{long}/{short}})},m}^{\max}{{\sum\limits_{k = 1}^{N_{used}}{\left( s_{k}^{m} \right) \cdot \left\lbrack {{\overset{\sim}{Y}}_{k}^{longCP},{\overset{\sim}{Y}}_{k}^{{short}\; {CP}}} \right\rbrack}}}^{2}}}$m = 1  …  M